By Nasir Jamal
PUNJAB’S regional economy has increased at a
much slower pace than ‘the rest of Pakistan’ over last four financial years to
2011, a trend that must be reversed to create jobs and reduce poverty.
The province’s annual average growth rate of
2.5 per cent between 2007 and 2011 lags far behind 3.4 per cent for the rest of
Pakistan,according to a report of the Lahore-based Institute of Public Policy
(IPP).
The report – The State of the Economy: The
Punjab Story – estimates the provincial gross regional product (GRP) to have
expanded by 5.6 per cent, or slightly faster than the national average of 5.5
per cent and the rest of Pakistan average of 5.4 per cent between the financial
years 2000 and 2007 before falling sharply in the following years.
The average provincial growth rate of 4.5 per
cent during 2000 and 2011, nevertheless, falls behind the national average of
4.6 per cent and the rest of Pakistan average of 4.7 per cent. Between 2000 and
2011 the average growth rate of Punjab has been 0.2 percentage points less than
that of the rest of Pakistan. However, much of the growth shortfall experienced
in Punjab has been in the last four years, the report says.
The IPP growth estimates for Punjab should be
instructive for the Shahbaz Sharif government as it prepares the provincial
budget for 2012/13, promising to provide relief to people in the run up to the
new election early next year. By implication, the report has been quite
critical of the government’s development priorities that have done little to
address structural weaknesses and infrastructure gaps responsible for dragging
down the provincial economy. It also advises the government to reset its
development priorities to push growth rate to combat rising unemployment.
It also accuses the previous government of
Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi (2002/07) of overstating growth rate for its tenure,
saying Punjab grew at 6.6 per cent during financial years between 2003 and 2007
compared to the national average of 6.8 per cent and the rest of Pakistan
average of seven per cent. Official estimates for the said period claimed that
the province had grown at an average pace of 7.5 per cent, faster than the
national average of 7.3 per cent and the rest of Pakistan average of 7.1 per
cent.
The report says unemployment has increased
significantly since 2007/08 because of the falling growth. “The economy of
Punjab will have to grow at a rate of above six per cent on a long-term basis
if increasing unemployment is to be avoided,” it argues.
It estimates the per capita GRP of Punjab at
Rs97,492 or $1140 per annum in 2011, or two per cent lower than the rest of
Pakistan.
The slowing regional growth has led to
contraction in Punjab’s share in the national economy to 54.9 per cent in 2011
from 55.5 per cent in 2000 and 55.7 per cent in 2007.
Punjab’s economy, according to the IPP,
is composed of 24 per cent agriculture (17 per cent for the rest of Pakistan
and 20.9 per cent for Pakistan), 21.2 per cent industry (31 per cent for the rest
of Pakistan and 25.8 per cent for Pakistan) and 54.8 per cent services (52 per
cent for the rest of Pakistan and 53.3 per cent for Pakistan). The provincial
economy’s sectoral composition signifies relative importance of agriculture in
its economy and underdevelopment of industry as compared to the rest of
Pakistan, says the IPP.
The report identifies three major factors
that have dragged down economic growth in Punjab in recent years: decreasing
water availability for agriculture, growing energy crunch for industry and
declining public sector investment in economic infrastructure.
The IPP points out that performance of
agriculture plays a major part in the economic growth of the province. During
the last few years, it contends, the performance of agriculture sector has been
disappointing, especially of major crops that have shown little growth since
2007 due to growing water shortages and rising fertiliser prices. Wheat
production was virtually stagnant and output of sugarcane and cotton dropped by
10 per cent and 17 per cent respectively. The only crop with significant growth
of 26 per cent was rice. In addition, there was hardly any growth in minor
crops. Given the relatively large share of agriculture in the regional (Punjab)
economy, the growth rate is likely to be lower because even in good years
agriculture is unlikely to average a growth rate above four to five per cent,”
it underlines.
The annual average agriculture growth rate in
Punjab declined to just one per cent between 2007 and 2011 from 3.3 per cent
between 2000 and 2007. In contrast, the average agriculture growth rate rose to
three per cent for the rest of Pakistan from 2.5 per cent.
Growing energy shortages have affected
industrial output in Punjab disproportionately, according to the report. There
has been cumulative drop in gas consumption in the province of 13 per cent in
the last few years compared to an increase of 16 per cent in the rest of
Pakistan, especially in Sindh.
Similarly, increase in electricity
consumption since 2007 has been restricted to only two per cent compared to six
per cent in the rest of Pakistan. Punjab’s share in the national production of
cotton yarn, for example, dropped from 33 per cent in 2007 to 29 per cent in
2011 and in cotton cloth from 43 per cent to 37 per cent.
Additionally, the report underlines the
weaker presence in Punjab of industry producing consumer durable and
construction inputs compared to Sindh as another factor for slower growth. “In
the peak of business cycle, industries producing consumer durables like
automobiles and industries providing construction inputs like cement show very
high growth rates. During 2003 and 2007, for example, production of automobiles
showed extraordinarily high growth rate of 31 per cent. The growth rate of
cement industry was also high at 18 per cent.
These industries, which are sensitive to
business cycle, have larger presence in the rest of Pakistan, particularly in
Sindh, and further push the growth rate of this region during periods of high
growth.”
In spite of these factors, the decline in
industrial growth in Punjab to 3.3 per cent between 2007 and 2011 from 6.9 per
cent between 2000 and 2007 has been far less marked than in the rest of
Pakistan where it dropped to just 1.6 per cent from 7.8 per cent. The national
average has come down to 2.3 per cent from 7.4 per cent.
The report further argues that the export
boom has been more advantageous for the industries closer to the port in
Karachi than the ones in Punjab. “The good performance of manufactured exports
between 2003 and 2007, with an annual growth rate in excess of 14 per cent
clearly meant that units located closer to the port were in an advantageous
position to exploit these opportunities than the ones in Punjab.
Consequently,the textile sector of Sindh benefited
more from the export boom.”
Punjab’s services sector too has performed
poorly compared to the rest of Pakistan in the years between 2007 and 2011.
While the sector grew by 3.6 per cent in Punjab, it expanded by 5.3 per cent in
the rest of Pakistan. The growth rate in the province’s services sector has
come down from 6.3 per cent between 2000 and 2007 when the rest of Pakistan
increased its services sector by 5.2 per cent.
Punjab’s share in taxes also appears to have
declined during the years of falling growth. The province’s share in direct tax
collection, for example, is estimated to have dropped to 33.7 per cent in
2009/10 from 34.2 per cent in 2006/07. Its share in excise duty too has plunged
to 42.9 per cent from 53.2 per cent. But the domestic sales tax collection from
Punjab grew to 44 per cent from 29.9 per cent.
“The decline in Punjab’s share (of direct tax
collection) tends to indicate that the non-agricultural GRP of the province may
have grown at a
somewhat lower rate than the rest of the country’s. The relatively low share of
Punjab in revenues compared to its population may also be noted. The highest
incidence of taxes is on the large-scale manufacturing sector and Punjab has a
relatively low share in the national value added in this sector,” the report
says.
The IPP is of the view that Punjab’s
development priorities must focus primarily on removing constraints – large
infrastructure gaps of water availability for agriculture and energy for
industry – to growth.
“Currently, the Punjab government devotes
less than one-third of its annual development programme (ADP) to infrastructure
development. This share will have to be raised substantially and the
inter-sectoral allocation will have to shift from highways to irrigation
schemes and power projects.”
The development strategy must also focus on
sectors and sub-sectors in which it has a comparative advantage. This will
include policies and programmes to develop the yields in major crops, minor
crops (especially fruits and vegetables), milk production and marketing,
poultry, agro-based industry, small and medium enterprises and services sector.
It advises the provincial government to draw up a plan to maximise gains that
liberalisation of trade with India offers.
And last but not the least, it urges the
government to follow a more expansionary fiscal policy with the objective of
achieving a quantum jump in the size of its ADP to remove infrastructure gaps
dragging growth in the province. “This will require a more aggressive policy of
resource mobilisation involving the development of provincial taxes on
services, agricultural income and real estate.”
But the Shahbaz Sharif government, which has
so far dithered on theissue of increasing provincial own tax resource, is unlikely
to heed to the IPP suggestions, its critics say. “I don’t see the provincial
government effectively taxing the under-taxed or untaxed sectors in the next
year’s budget. Nor do I think it will shift whatever financial resources it can
muster for development to such irrigation and energy projects that will take
some time to complete. I believe that it will continue to spend money on
schemes that can bring it immediate political dividend in the election year
rather than those whose benefits will accrue after a few years,” comments an
economist.
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